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The Woodlawn Study has made important contributions to science in several key areas. A few key findings are summarized below. 

Protective Factors

The Woodlawn Study has advanced the field’s understanding of protective factors and the development of positive pathways.

  • Woodlawn studies have shown that social integration, often meaning the number of different social roles, such as spouse, employee, church member, is consistently associated with positive health, such as lower rates of substance use disorders (Green et al., 2010), better physical health (Fothergill et al., 2011), and a longer life (Green et al., 2022).
  • Woodlawn studies have highlighted the importance of educational factors, both individual education and family education, in protecting against health risk behavior and mental health disorders (Crum et al, 1998; 2006; Fothergill et al, 2008; Ensminger et al. 2005) and criminal involvement (Doherty & Bersani, 2020).
  • Our work shows that religious involvement is protective against smoking, problematic drinking, drug use, and drug use problems in both men and women (Bowie et al., 2006; Fothergill et al., 2009, Green et al., 2010; Juon et al., 2002).
  • We have found that marriage leads to a substantial reduction in criminal arrests for men but less so for women (Doherty & Ensminger, 2013), as well as the importance of marriage for protecting against substance use disorders (Green et al., 2010) and reducing health risk behaviors (Green et al., 2012).
  • Employment is protective against drug use and drug use disorders (Green et al., 2010).

Challenging Stereotypes

Woodlawn studies have challenged stereotypes about African American families and drug use. For example, in the 1960s, father absent families were thought to be too common and universally harmful to African American youth; yet, an early study by Kellam and colleagues (1977) showed great diversity with 89 different family structures, reported a large percentage of household with a father present, and found that children from mother-grandmother families had similar school achievement to mother-father families. Thus, it was not the lack of the father in the household that seemed to matter for school outcomes but the lack of a second adult figure in the family to offer support.

The Long-Term Reach of Early Adversity

A unique feature of the Woodlawn Study is the ability to assess the long-term impact of early factors on development of children growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Various Woodlawn studies have found that early family and socioeconomic factors, number of moves, household and neighborhood poverty) can set a child on a path to educational dropout, homelessness, drug use, crime, social isolation, and poor mental health (Bowie et al., 2006; Fothergill and Ensminger, 2006; Fothergill et al, 2009; Fothergill et al., 2012; Green et al, 2013; Juon & Ensminger, 1997; Juon et al., 2003; Lo, 2010; Williams et al., 2004). Other studies have shown the long-term effect of early school behavior, mostly aggression, on poor educational achievement, early and later substance use, and serious adult offending (Ensminger et al., 1982, 1983, 1996, 2002; Fothergill et al., 2008; Juon et al., 2002, 2006; Kellam et al., 1982). These studies highlight the importance of ensuring school readiness for youth living in urban environments. 

Mortality

Most recently we have concentrated efforts on understanding what factors lead to a longer life in the Woodlawn cohort. Key factors that predict dying younger are being male, being raised by a single mother, being in foster care, and first grade aggressive behavior (Juon et al, 2003; 2014). In studies examining mortality before age 60, persistent poverty (Green et al, 2022) and involvement with the criminal legal system (Doherty et al – coming soon) were the strongest predictors of mortality, with education and social role involvement at times reducing this impact.  

Understanding the Aging Process of Urban African Americans Across the Life Course: Identifying Early Risk and Protection for Cognition and Health in Midlife (R01AG057673)
2018 – 2024
PI: Kerry Green
National Institute on Aging

How drugs, crime and criminal justice involvement influence the lives and deaths of an urban African American cohort followed for 45 years (R01DA042748)
2017 – 2020
PI: Kerry Green
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Impact of Life Events on Patterns of Drug Use in an Urban African American Cohort (R01DA033999)
2013 – 2015
PI: Elaine Doherty
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Substance Use and the Aging Experiences of the Woodlawn Cohort: Pathways to the 50s
2015
PI: Kerry M. Green
Maryland Population Research Center

Exploring Violent Careers over the Life Course: A Study of Urban African American Males and Females
2012, 2014
PI: Elaine Doherty
Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation

Substance Use and Psychological Problems among African Americans into Midlife (R01DA026863)
2009 – 2013
PI: Kerry M. Green
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Drug Abuse and Crime across the Life Course in an African American Population (R01DA022366)
2008 – 2012
PI: Margaret E. Ensminger
National Institute on Drug Abuse

A High Risk Prospective Study of Drug Use and Crime (R01DA006630)
1991 – 2007
PI: Margaret E. Ensminger
Supplement: Perceived Racial Discrimination and Drug Use among Young Black Adults
2003 – 2005
PI: Gregory Breeden
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Value of Education-Paths to Well Being over Life Course (R01HD046103)
2003-2005
PI: Margaret E. Ensminger
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Gender Differences in Consequences of Teenage Drug Use (R03DA016425)
2004 –2005
PI: Kerry M. Green
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Antecedents of Drug Use and Dependence (F31DA014437)
2001 – 2004
PI: Kate E. Fothergill
National Research Service Award
National Institute on Drug Abuse

Family Religiosity on Young Adult Alcohol Problems (R21AA013095)
2002 – 2004
PI: Margaret E. Ensminger
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Roles, Aging & Health among African American Women (R01AG027051)
2006 – 2011
PI: Margaret E. Ensminger
National Institute on Aging

2024

Holder, S., Sifat, M., Kuo, C., & Green, K. M. (in press). The role of adolescent anxious mood, marijuana use, and locus of control in the school to prison pipeline. Education and Urban Society. 10.1177/00131245221124871

2023

Doherty, E. E. & Green, K. M. (2023). Cohort profile: The Woodlawn StudyJournal of Development and Life-Course Criminology, 9, 531-554. 10.1007/s40865-023-00236-z

Doherty, E. E. & Green, K. M. (2023). Offending and the long-term risk of death: An examination of mid-life mortality among an urban Black American cohort. British Journal of Criminology, 63(5), 1108-1128. 10.1093/bjc/azac079; PMC10433506

Sifat, M.S., Kuo, C., Yoo, J.H., Holder, S., & Green, K. M. (2023). Associations between family factors, social integration and suicidal ideation across the life course of an urban African American cohort. Journal of Black Psychology, 49(3), 404-429. 10.1177/00957984211061920

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., & Bugbee, B. A. (2023). Can early disadvantage be overcome? A life course approach to understanding how disadvantage, education, and social integration impact mortality into middle adulthood among a Black American cohort. Prevention Science, 24(5), 829-840. 10.1007/s11121-022-01408-x; PMC9287823

2022

Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2022). Long-term consequences of criminal justice system intervention: The impact of young adult arrest on midlife health behaviors. Prevention Science, 23(2), 167-180. 10.1007/s11121-021-01236-5; PMC9158382

2021

Doherty, E. E., & Bersani, B. E. (2021). What protects those at high risk from criminal justice contact despite the odds? A negative case analysis. British Journal of Criminology, 60(6), 1627-1647. 10.1093/bjc/azaa043; PMC7577427

2020

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2020). What's drugs got to do with it? Examining the relationship between drug onset and duration with criminal outcomes in an African American cohort. Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106539. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106539; PMC7422955

2019

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Sifat, M. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2019). Explaining continuity in substance use: The role of criminal justice system involvement over the life course of an urban African American prospective cohort. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 195, 74-81. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.033; PMC6657781

2018

DiPietro, S. M., Doherty, E. E., & Bersani, B. E. (2018). Understanding the role of marriage in black women’s offending over the life course. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 4(2), 162-187. 10.1007/s40865-018-0079-8; PMC9473352

Gaston, S., & Doherty, E. E. (2018). Why don’t more Black Americans offend? Testing a theory of African American offending’s ethnic-racial socialization hypothesis. Race and Justice, 8(4), 366-395. 10.1177/2153368716688740; PMC9473348

Cwick, J. M., & Doherty, E. E. (2018). Unpacking the paradox of neighboring ties: the moderating effect of criminal context on victimization. Journal of Crime and Justice, 41(5), 463-482. 10.1080/0735648x.2018.1496846; PMC9473351

Doherty, E. E., Jaecques, B., Green, K. M. & Ensminger, M. E. (2018). Young adult victimization and mid-life consequences: Sensitization or steeling effects of childhood adversity? Violence and Victims, 33(2), 239-258. 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00061; PMC6657776

2017

Zebrak, K. & Green, K. M. (2017). The role of young adult social bonds, substance problems, and sexual risk in pathways between adolescent substance use and midlife risky sexual behavior among urban African Americans. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(7), 828-838. 10.1037/adb0000313; PMC5690807

Bowie, J., Juon, H. S., Taggart, T., Thorpe, R. J., & Ensminger, M. (2017). Predictors of religiosity in a cohort of African Americans. Race and Social Problems, 9(1), 29-41. 10.1007/s12552-016-9189-2.

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2017). Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis use: Examining intermediary processes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(5), 567-575. 10.1080/00952990.2016.1258706; PMC5784846

2016

Doherty, E. E., Cwick, J. M., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2016). Examining the consequences of the “prevalent life events” of arrest and incarceration among an urban African American cohort. Justice Quarterly. 10.1080/07418825.2015.1016089, PMC5015121

Doherty, E. E. & Bersani. B. E. (2016). Understanding the mechanisms of desistance at the intersection of race, gender and neighborhood context. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53, 681-710. 10.1177/0022427816632573; PMC5968831

Doherty, E. E. & Cwick, J. M. (2016). Unpacking the complexity of life events and desistance: An application of conjunctive analysis of case configurations to developmental and life-course criminology. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 2, 45-63. 10.1007/s40865-015-0023-0, PMC4981337

Ensminger, M. E., Fothergill, K. E., Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. S. (2016). The crossover effect: The influence of social roles in an African American cohort. In Y.F. Thomas & L.N. Price (Eds.), pages 37-62. Drug Use Trajectories among Minority Youth. Springer. 0.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_4

Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Doherty, E. E., Juon, H. S., & Green, K. M. (2016). Pathways from early childhood adversity to later adult drug use and psychological distress: A prospective study of a cohort of African Americans. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(2) 223–239. 10.1177/0022146516646808; PMC5787376

Strong, C., Juon, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2016). Effect of adolescent cigarette smoking on adulthood substance use and abuse: the mediating role of educational attainment. Substance Use and Misuse, 51(2), 141-154. 10.3109/10826084.2015.1073323; PMC5787022

Zebrak, K. A., & Green, K. M. (2016). Mutual influences between parental psychological distress and alcohol use and child problem behavior in a cohort of urban African Americans. Journal of Family Issues, 37, 1869-1890. 10.1177/0192513X14553055; PMC5181843

2015

Assini-Meytin, L. C., & Green, K. M. (2015). Long-term consequences of adolescent parenthood among African American urban youth: A propensity matching approach. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 529-535. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.005; PMC4409546

Dagher, R. K., & Green, K. M. (2015). Does depression and substance abuse co-morbidity affect socioeconomic status? Evidence from a prospective study of urban African Americans. Psychiatry Research, 225(1-2), 115-121. 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.026; PMC4268320

2014

Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2014). Do the adult criminal careers of African Americans fit the "facts"? Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(6), 517-526. 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.09.006; PMC4297666

Evans-Polce, R. J., Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2014). Taking a life course approach to studying substance use treatment among a community cohort of African American substance users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 216-223. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.025; PMC4127101

Green, K. M., & Stuart, E. A. (2014). Examining moderation analyses in propensity score methods: Application to depression and substance use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(5), 773-783. 10.1037/a0036515; PMC4172552

Juon, H. S., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Ensminger, M. E. (2014). Early life conditions of overall and cause-specific mortality among inner-city African Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), 548-554. 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301228; PMC3915037

Strong, C., Juon, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2014). Long-term effects of adolescent smoking on depression and socioeconomic status in adulthood in an urban African American cohort. Journal of Urban Health, 91(3), 526-540. 10.1007/s11524-013-9849-0; PMC4074315

2013

Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2013). Marriage and offending among a cohort of disadvantaged African Americans. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(1), 104-131. 10.1177/0022427811423106; PMC4012705

Green, K. M., Fothergill, K. E., Robertson, J. A., Zebrak, K. A., Banda, D. R., & Ensminger, M. E. (2013). Early life predictors of adult depression in a community cohort of urban African Americans. Journal of Urban Health, 90(1), 101-115. 10.1007/s11524-012-9707-5; PMC3579304

2012

Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). The impact of adolescent deviance on marital trajectories. Deviant Behavior, 33(3), 185-206. 10.1080/01639625.2010.548303; PMC4184204

Doherty, E. E., Robertson, J. A., Green, K. M., Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). A longitudinal study of substance use and violent victimization in adulthood among a cohort of urban African Americans. Addiction, 107(2), 339-348. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03665.x; PMC3260383

Fothergill, K. E., Doherty, E. E., Robertson, J. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). A prospective study of childhood and adolescent antecedents of homelessness among a community population of African Americans. Journal of Urban Health,89(3), 432-446. 10.1007/s11524-011-9641-y; PMC3368051

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). Marriage trajectories and health risk behaviors throughout adulthood among urban African Americans. Journal of Family Issues, 33(12), 1595-1618. 10.1177/0192513X11432429; PMC4484881

Green, K. M., Zebrak, K. A., Fothergill, K. E., Robertson, J. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). Childhood and adolescent risk factors for comorbid depression and substance use disorders in adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(11), 1240-1247. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.008; PMC3401336

Green, K. M., Zebrak, K. A., Robertson, J. A., Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2012). Interrelationship of substance use and psychological distress over the life course among a cohort of urban African Americans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123(1-3), 239-248. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.017. PMC3319235

2011

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Zebrak, K. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2011). Association between adolescent drinking and adult violence: Evidence from a longitudinal study of urban African Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(5), 701-710. 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.701; PMC3174018

Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Robertson, J. A., Green, K. M., Thorpe, R. J., & Juon, H. S. (2011). Effects of social integration on health: A prospective study of community engagement among African American women. Social Science and Medicine. 72(2), 291-298. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.10.024; PMC3031118

Juon, H. S., Fothergill, K. E., Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2-3), 216-223. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.027; PMC3161156

2010

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2010). Does heavy adolescent marijuana use lead to criminal involvement in adulthood? Evidence from a multiwave longitudinal study of urban African Americans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(1-2), 117-125. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.018; PMC2950879

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Reisinger, H. S., Chilcoat, H. D., & Ensminger, M. E. (2010). Social integration in young adulthood and the subsequent onset of substance use and disorders among a community population of urban African Americans. Addiction, 105(3), 484-493. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02787.x; PMC2858355

Juon, H. S., Green, K. M., Fothergill, K. E., Kasper, J. D., Thorpe, R. J., & Ensminger, M. E. (2010). Welfare receipt trajectories of African-American women followed for 30 years. Journal of Urban Health, 87(1), 76-94. 10.1007/s11524-009-9413-0; PMC2821602

2009

Ensminger, M. E., Juon, H. S., Lee, R., & Lo, S. Y. (2009). Social connections in the inner city: Examination across the life course. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies: International Journal, 1(1), 11-26. PMC2876332

Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. S. (2009). Pathways to adult marijuana and cocaine use: A prospective study of African Americans from age 6 to 42. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 65-81. 10.1177/002214650905000105; PMC2810948

Ensminger, M. E., Smith, K. C., Juon, H. S., Pearson, J. L., & Robertson, J. A. (2009). Women, smoking, and social disadvantage over the life course: A longitudinal study of African American women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104(S1), S34-S41. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.004; PMC2732764

Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Thorpe, R. J., Robertson, J., Kasper, J. D., & Juon, H. S. (2009). Living arrangements during childrearing years and later health of African American mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 848-861. 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00639.x; PMC2836726

2008

Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2008). Investigating the long-term influence of adolescent delinquency on drug use initiation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93(1-2), 72-84. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.018; PMC2692328

Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., Reisinger, H. S., & Ensminger. M. E. (2008). Long-term patterns of drug use among an urban African-American cohort: The role of gender and family. Journal of Urban Health, 85(2), 250-267. 10.1007/s11524-007-9246-7; PMC2430124

Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Crum, R. M., Robertson, J., & Juon, H. S. (2008). The impact of early school behavior and educational achievement on adult drug use disorders: A prospective study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1-3), 191-199. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.001; PMC2393553

Kasper, J. D., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Fothergill, K. E., Juon, H. S., Robertson, J. A., & Thorpe, R. J. (2008). Effects of poverty and family stress over three decades on the functional status of older African American women. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences, 63(4), S201-S210. 10.1093/geronb/63.4.S201; PMC2828295

Stuart, E. A., & Green, K. M. (2008). Using full matching to estimate causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Examining the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and adult outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 395-406. 10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.395; PMC5784842

2007

Ensminger, M. E., Juon, H. S., & Green, K. M. (2007). Consistency between adolescent reports and adult retrospective reports of adolescent marijuana use: Explanations of inconsistent reporting among an African American population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(1), 13-23. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.011

2006

Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1168-1178. 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1168; PMC5784847

Juon, H. S., Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Childhood behavior and adult criminality: Cluster analysis in a prospective study of African Americans. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(3), 193-214. 10.1007/s10940-006-9008-9

Green, K. M., Ensminger, M. E., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. S. (2006). Impact of adult sons’ incarceration on African American mothers’ psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 430-441.

Bowie, J. V., Ensminger, M. E., & Robertson, J. A. (2006). Alcohol-use problems in young black adults: Effects of religiosity, social resources, and mental health. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(1), 44-53. 10.15288/jsa.2006.67.44

Crum, R. M., Juon, H. S., Green, K. M., Robertson, J. A., Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Educational achievement and early school behavior as predictors of alcohol-use disorders: 35-year follow-up of the Woodlawn study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(1), 75-85. 10.15288/jsa.2006.67.75; PMC5784844

Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(1), 61-76. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.009

2005

Lee, R. D., Ensminger, M. E., & LaVeist, T. A. (2005). The responsibility continuum: Never primary, coresident and caregiver--heterogeneity in the African-American grandmother experience. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(4), 295-304. 10.2190/KT7G-F7YF-E5U0-2KWD

2004

Nielsen, M. J., Juon, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2004). Preventing long-term welfare receipt: The theoretical relationship between health and poverty over the early life courseSocial Science & Medicine, 59(11), 2285-2301. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.022

Williams, C. T., Juon, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2004). Marijuana and cocaine use among female African-American welfare recipients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 75(2), 185-191. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.009

2003

Ensminger, M. E., Hanson, S. G., Riley, A. W., & Juon, H. S. (2003). Maternal psychological distress: Adult sons' and daughters' mental health and educational attainment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(9), 1108-1115. 10.1097/01.CHI.0000070261.24125.F8

Juon, H. S., Ensminger, M. E., & Feehan, M. (2003). Childhood adversity and later mortality in an urban African American cohort. American Journal of Public Health, 93(12), 2044-2046. 10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2044; PMC1448148

McCord, J. & Ensminger, M. E. (2003). Racial discrimination and violence: A longitudinal perspective. In D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Violent crime: Assessing race and ethnic differences (pp. 319-330). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

2002

Astone, N. M., Ensminger, M. E., & Juon, H. S. (2002). Early adult characteristics and mortality among inner-city African American women. American Journal of Public Health, 92(4), 640-645. 10.2105/AJPH.92.4.640; PMC1447130

Ensminger, M. E., Juon, H. S., & Fothergill, K. E. (2002). Childhood and adolescent antecedents of substance use in adulthood. Addiction, 97(7), 833-844. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00138.x

Juon, H. S., Ensminger, M. E., & Sydnor, K. D. (2002). A longitudinal study of developmental trajectories to young adult cigarette smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66(3), 303-314. 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00008-X

2001

Ensminger, M. E., & Juon, H. S. (2001). The influence of patterns of welfare receipt during the child-rearing years on later physical and psychological health. Women and Health, 32(1-2), 25-46. 10.1300/J013v32n01_02

1998

Crum, R. M., Ensminger, M. E., Ro, M. J., & McCord, J. (1998). The association of educational achievement and school dropout with risk of alcoholism: A twenty-five-year prospective study of inner-city children. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(3), 318-326. 10.15288/jsa.1998.59.318

Ensminger, M. E., & Juon, H. S. (1998). Transition to adulthood among high-risk youth. In R. Jessor (Ed.), New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 365-391). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511571138.012

1997

Ensminger, M. E., Anthony, J. C., & McCord, J. (1997). The inner city and drug use: Initial findings from an epidemiological study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 48(3), 175-184. 10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00124-5

Juon, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (1997). Childhood, adolescent, and young adult predictors of suicidal behaviors: A prospective study of African Americans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 553-563. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01542.x

McCord, J. & Ensminger, M. E. (1997). Multiple risks and comorbidity in an African-American population. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 7(4), 339-352. 10.1002/cbm.194

1996

Ensminger, M. E., Lamkin, R. P., & Jacobson, N. (1996). School leaving: A longitudinal perspective including neighborhood effects. Child Development, 67(5), 2400-2416. 10.2307/1131630

1995

Ensminger, M. E. (1995). Welfare and psychological distress: A longitudinal study of African American urban mothers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 346-359. 10.2307/2137324

Johnson, E. O., Schutz, C. G., Anthony, J. C., & Ensminger, M. E. (1995). Inhalants to heroin: A prospective analysis from adolescence to adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 40(2), 159-164. 10.1016/0376-8716(95)01201-X

1992

Ensminger, M. E., & Slusarcick, A. L. (1992). Paths to high school graduation or dropout: A longitudinal study of a first-grade cohort. Sociology of Education, 65(2), 95-113. 10.2307/2112677

Hunter, A. G., & Ensminger, M. E. (1992). Diversity and fluidity in children's living arrangements: Family transitions in an urban Afro-American community. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(2), 418-426. 10.2307/353073

1990

Ensminger, M. E. (1990). Sexual activity and problem behaviors among black, urban adolescents. Child Development, 61(6), 2032-2046. 10.2307/1130857

Pearson, J. L., Hunter, A. G., Ensminger, M. E., & Kellam, S. G. (1990). Black grandmothers in multigenerational households: Diversity in family structure and parenting involvement in the Woodlawn community. Child Development, 61(2), 434-442. 10.2307/1131105

1989

Thompson, M. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (1989). Psychological well-being among mothers with school age children: Evolving family structures. Social Forces, 67(3), 715-730. 10.1093/sf/67.3.715

1983

Ensminger, M. E., Kellam, S. G., & Rubin, B. R. (1983). School and family origins of delinquency: Comparisons by sex. In K. T. Van Dusen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Prospective studies of crime and delinquency (pp. 73-97). Boston, MA: Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing Co.

Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Rubin, B. R., & Ensminger, M. E. (1983). Paths leading to teenage psychiatric symptoms and substance use: Developmental epidemiological studies in Woodlawn. In S. B. Guze, F. J. Earls, & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Childhood psychopathology and development (pp. 17-51). New York, NY: Raven Press.

Kellam, S. G., Simon, M. B., & Ensminger, M. E. (1983). Antecedents in first grade of teenage substance use and psychological well-being: A ten-year community-wide prospective study. In D. F. Ricks & B. S. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Origins of psychopathology (pp. 17-42). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Kellam, S. G., Stevenson, D. L., & Rubin, B. R. (1983). How specific are the early predictors of teenage drug use? In L. Harris (Ed.), Problems of drug dependence, 1982 (NIDA Research Monograph 43, pp. 329-334). Rockville, MD: Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc.

1982

Ensminger, M. E., Brown, C. H., & Kellam, S. G. (1982). Sex differences in antecedents of substance use among adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 38(2), 25-42. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb00116.x

Fleming, J. P., Kellam, S. G., & Brown, C. H. (1982). Early predictors of age at first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 9(4), 285-303. 10.1016/0376-8716(82)90068-0

Kellam, S. G., Adams, R. G., Brown, C. H., & Ensminger, M. E. (1982). The long-term evolution of the family structure of teenage and older mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44(3), 539-554. 10.2307/351578

Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., & Fleming, J. P. (1982). Social adaptation to first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use: Developmental epidemiological research in Woodlawn. Journal of School Health, 52(5), 301-306. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1982.tb04627.x

Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., & Fleming, J. P. (1982). The prevention of teenage substance use: Longitudinal research and strategy. In T. J. Coates, A. C. Petersen, & C. Perry (Eds.). Promoting adolescent health (pp. 171-200). New York, NY: Academic Press Inc.

Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., & Fleming, J. P. (1982). Developmental epidemiological studies of substance use in Woodlawn: Implications for prevention research strategy. In L.S. Harris (Ed.), Problems of drug dependence, 1981 (NIDA Research Monograph 41, pp. 21-33). Rockville, MD: Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc.

1981

Brown, C. H., Adams, R. G., & Kellam, S. G. (1981). A longitudinal study of teenage motherhood and symptoms of distress: The Woodlawn community epidemiological project. Research in Community and Mental Health, 2, 183-213.

Kellam, S. G., Branch, J. D., Brown, C. H., & Russell, G. (1981). Why teenagers come for treatment: A ten-year prospective epidemiological study in Woodlawn. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20(3), 477-495. 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61641-1

1980

Kellam, S. G., & Ensminger, M. E. (1980). Theory and method in child psychiatric epidemiology. In F. J. Earls (Ed.), Studies of children (pp. 145-180). New York, NY: Prodist.

Kellam, S. G., Ensminger, M. E., & Simon, M. B. (1980). Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5(4), 273-304. 10.1016/0376-8716(80)90003-4

1978

Agrawal, K. C., Kellam, S. G., Klein, Z. E., & Turner, R. J. (1978). The Woodlawn mental health studies: Tracking children and families for long-term follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 68(2), 139-142. 10.2105/AJPH.68.2.139; PMC1653873

1977

Kellam, S. G., Ensminger, M. E., & Turner, R. J. (1977). Family structure and the mental health of children. Concurrent and longitudinal community-wide studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34(9), 1012-1022.

Petersen, A. C., & Kellam, S. G. (1977). Measurement of psychological well-being of adolescents: The psychometric properties and assessment procedures of the How I Feel. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6(3), 229-247. 10.1007/BF02138937

1975

Kellam, S. G., Branch, J. D., Agrawal, K. C., & Ensminger, M. E. (1975). Mental health and going to school: The Woodlawn program of assessment, early intervention and evaluation. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Kellam, S. G., Petersen, A. C., Ensminger, M. E., & Branch, J. D. (1975). Psychiatric aspects of child day programs. In A. M. Freedman, H. I. Kaplan, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, Volume II (Second Edition; pp. 2292-2301). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.

1972

Kellam, S. G., Branch, J. D., Agrawal, K. C., & Ensminger, M. E. (1972). Strategies in urban community mental health. In S. E. Golamin & C. Eisdorfer (Eds.), Handbook of community mental health (pp. 711-727). New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts.

 

Doctoral Dissertations

Zebrak, K. A. (2015). Associations and pathways between substance involvement and risky sexual behavior over the life course of urban African Americans. University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

Evans-Polce, R. (2012). Substance users in a community cohort: Questions of treatment and social connections over the life course. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Strong, C. (2011). Effect of adolescent cigarette smoking on mental health and substance use outcomes in adulthood. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Lo, S.Y. (2010). Neighborhood environment, residential mobility, and health: A longitudinal examination of individual and neighborhood factors. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Fogarty, K. (2005). Long-term effectiveness of early intervention: Testing a mediator model of adolescent risk. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

Breeden, G. (2004). Childhood, adolescent, and young adult determinants of perceived racial discrimination in adulthood and its relation to frequency of cocaine and marijuana use. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Fothergill, K. (2004). Childhood and adolescent antecedents of adult drug abuse and dependence: A longitudinal study. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Green, K. M. (2004). The effects of adolescent drug use on adult role functioning: A longitudinal study examining gender differences. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Sydnor, K. E. D. (2001). Pathways to employment outcomes: From first grade to young adulthood: A longitudinal study. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Lee, R. D. (2000). To grandma's house we go: Co-residence and caregiving in the age of AIDS, crack, and welfare reform. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Nielsen, M. J. (2000). The relationship between early health and poverty and later welfare dependency in an urban African American community: A life course perspective. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Jacobsen, J.M. (1998). Does timing of first birth affect young adult outcomes in a population of at risk African American women? Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

Kub, J. E. (1991). Psychological distress in adolescents: A longitudinal study of chronic and interpersonal stressors, life events and social support. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.